Proton Therapy as a Case Study in Systems IntegrationEngineering, Regulatory, and Operations at the Frontier
A particle accelerator. A 100-ton rotating gantry. 20 major assemblies from across the globe. 50+ international safety standards as design inputs. One FDA 510(k) submission. This is what real systems integration complexity looks like—and what it teaches about every program that follows.
Safety-Rated PLCs: The Missing Link Between Medical Device Innovation and Regulatory Excellence
Chemical plants, oil refineries, and aerospace adopted safety-rated PLCs decades ago. Medical device manufacturers are still using safety relays. With FDA’s QMSR and mandatory IEC 62443 cybersecurity requirements now in effect, that gap is a liability—not a choice.